In inner cities, employment, services and recreation are often available within a walking distance and public transportation is fluent so that low-emission transport is easy to use. Utilizing renewable local energy is not always possible. People consume lots of goods and services in the cities, and this causes emissions.

A sharing economy, in other words borrowing or renting items to neighbours, for example, is one way to reduce a city-dweller’s carbon footprint. Another measure is to travel within one’s own city. Urban farming increases biodiversity in the inner city, too.